Modeling and Analysis of the Influence of Fear on the Harvested Modified Leslie–Gower Model Involving Nonlinear Prey Refuge

Understanding the effects of fear, quadratic fixed effort harvesting, and predator-dependent refuge are essential topics in ecology. Accordingly, a modified Leslie–Gower prey–predator model incorporating these biological factors is mathematically modeled using Beddington–DeAngelis type functional response to describe predation processes. The model’s qualitative features investigated, including local equilibria stability, permanence, global stability. Bifurcation analysis carried out on temporal identify bifurcations such as transcritical, saddle-node, Hopf bifurcation. A comprehensive numerical inquiry MATLAB verify obtained theoretical findings understand varying system’s parameters their dynamical behavior. It observed that existence makes dynamic behavior richer, so it involves bi-stable